Survey of High Recovery and Zero Liquid Discharge Technologies for Water Utilities
Abstract
Due to their high cost, high-recovery and zero liquid discharge (ZLD) systems used in various industries are not currently used at any municipal sites. Because of increasing challenges around concentrate disposal, these types of systems will, by necessity, eventually be applied in municipal setters. Thus, there is a need to develop realistic performance and cost analyses for high-recovery and ZLD processing schemes.
This report provides insights into the performance and economic aspects of commercial high-recovery and ZLD systems, including specific areas where cost reductions might be possible. The report also provides useful background and reference information for further consideration of such systems.
Originally funded as WERF project Reuse-02-06a.
