Integrated Water Treatment: Softening and Ultrafiltration

Investigates several aspects of the combination of precipitative softening (including enhanced softening, the removal of natural organic matter in softening) and membrane treatment (especially ultrafiltration). Studies the nature of the fouling mechanisms for ultrafiltration membranes when used for waters that either require softening or have been softened. Also identifies promising options for the use of precipitative softening as a pretreatment before ultrafiltration membrane treatment in producing drinking water that satisfies both regulatory and customer requirement. Published in 2003.