Microwave Regeneration of PFAS-Exhausted Granular Activated Carbons

Adsorption by granular activated carbon (GAC) is one of the most common methods for removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water. However, there is a need for GAC regeneration methods that are faster and more energy efficient. This project investigated the use of microwave (MW) technology as an alternative method of GAC regeneration. Specifically, it (1) explored the effectiveness of MW heating compared to existing thermal processes, (2) investigated the effects of multi-cycle MW treatment on GAC characteristics and PFAS defluorination, (3) evaluated MW technology for regeneration of GAC samples collected from full-scale treatment systems, and (4) conducted cost and feasibility assessments. Published in 2025.