The Removal and Disinfection Efficiency of Lime Softening Processes for Giardia and Viruses

Delineates conditions that have contributed to or permitted passage of Giardia cysts by the rapid-rate filtration process. Evaluates applicability to full-scale operation of the findings of pilot-scale studies...

Determines biological particles that mimic the behavior of pathogenic species such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoan cysts in coagulation and filtration. Also ascertains relationships between removals of test...

Although current regulation of reclaimed water focuses largely on monitoring treatment surrogate indicators including total and fecal coliforms and E. coli, limitations of these indicators are well recognized...